SPDF0004

Written evidence submitted  by Harlette Capital Ltd

Naomi McGill B.IT, MBA

Space Defence Response

Contents

How should the UK Government seek to further develop its strategic relationships and interoperability with allies?

Where can the UK most effectively develop and deploy its own sovereign defence capabilities, with particular regard to:

Space Situational Awareness

Navigation

Addition of Future Services into Leo

Space Debris

EME – Earth Moon Earth

PNT (Position, Navigation, Timing) services, in the context of the UK’s exit from the EU’s Galileo and EGNOS programmes

Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance

Communications

How vulnerable are our space assets to deliberate attack, both physical and otherwise, and what steps can be taken to improve their resilience (with regard both to defence capabilities and other critical national infrastructure)?

How can defence industrial policy ensure that investment and innovation in the private space sector is harnessed to align with the UK’s defence requirements?

Space Based Power Generation

Space Power & Telecommunications Transmission

Point to Point Defence Delivery

Have recent machinery of government changes ensured a joined-up and coherent approach to defence space policy both across Whitehall and within the MoD?

What further improvements could be made? What should be the priorities of the new Space Command, and how will its structures facilitate integration across all military domains and co-operation with commercial space operations?

How can the Ministry of Defence ensure that it attracts, develops and retains high calibre space specialists in both policy and operational roles

How should the UK Government seek to further develop its strategic relationships and interoperability with allies?

• 6 G International standard adoption for MoD before 5G is rolled out and discussion of can UK go from 4G to 6G rather than delay this as FSO is now the international standard for 6G
• Development of International Free Space Optical standard
• Development of International Space Port Telecommunications Standard
• Development of base line standards for Rocket Launch Capabilities – if you launch any rocket satellite, space experiment, space station related activity, astronaut, lunar launch, mars activity or solar or interplanetary related activity, there must be a live stream of this event, with English subtitles at least with an international standard check list to include risk register of location of debris from launch to prevent the China Space Station Space Debris International Incident repeating
• Fines established for nations that launch without live stream.
• Fines established for cost of tracking & estimates of space debris re-entry.
• Fines established for failure of a nano sat to be registered.
• Space Agency & Space Force agreement with UNOOSA on the destruction of any space-based object eg satellite or asteroid or space debris that it does not place the Earth at risk
• Register of Earth to Moon Earth to Mars capabilities & risk register of satellite capabilities including inter satellite FSO or Laser Capabilities or capabilities to Earth or interspace.
• Register of Earth to Moon Earth to Mars capabilities & risk register of UHF/VHF[i] capabilities including inter satellite FSO or Laser Capabilities or capabilities to Earth or interspace.

Watch your thoughts. They become words. Watch your words. They become deeds. Watch your deeds. They become habits. Watch your habits. They become character. Character is everything. - Margaret Thatcher

Where can the UK most effectively develop and deploy its own sovereign defence capabilities, with particular regard to:

Space Situational Awareness

Currently there is a gap in the mapping of LEO and there is nothing that displays layering of UK based spaced assets in relation to international space based assets in LEO

Navigation

• SpaceX & Oneweb - SpaceX takes LEO position’s above & below one web this diagram helps to understand the layering effect that is now taking place in LEO and how even launching and positioning for future OneWeb could become difficult with crowding as these new services launch below and above Oneweb’s 

• The issue is Space X effectively have One Web surrounded in the upper and lower layers of LEO, with numbers that are astonishing to say the least, and a risk and needed further assessment of the exact positions of the entire Oneweb Fleet in relation to other suppliers Fleets.

• Questions such as how would a negotiation between UK & SpaceX to discuss the possibility of pre agreement pre incident how, who & when suppliers pay for any damage – What is the last responsible moment eg service level agreements to space commands and space defence forces, if emails are sent out of hours for emergency situations requiring rapid manoeuvring between Engineers and UK Space Command, with 18th Space Command in the USA including warnings for operators from UK Space Forces and defence forces that UK government need to factor in.

• A few weeks ago there was a close call between SpaceX and OneWeb, as the UK Government have a sizable exposure of investment into OneWeb, its prudent to have some planning and mitigation in place as my investigations so far have found that no diagram such as this exists with the plotting of the LEO KM and the number of satellites expected to be scattered in that location.

Addition of Future Services into Leo

Telesat – Canada

Amazon – USA

• Also another 200 are expected now from Telesat that will be located lower than OneWeb and Amazon will be launching a further 3000 just below OneWeb.

Space Debris

• The second question is Space Debris impact on future human space missions. Do we have predictability models for risk of this during launches and could OneWeb be responsible in the future for any debris?

EME – Earth Moon Earth

• China has a in orbit UHF VHF capability on their smallest satellite has UK got any studies recommended for interference on Lunar Comms etc for UHF VHF[ii] - that’s a future capability 
• Is there a register of all nation’s equipment & kit locations & interference that each of these nations equipment and comms around and on the lunar surface can, have or could cause in the future?

EME -Earth moon earth

EM2E- Earth mars earth

MEM -Moon Earth Moon

M2EM2 -Mars earth Mars

M2ME -mars moon earth

EMM2 -earth moon mars 

PNT (Position, Navigation, Timing) services, in the context of the UK’s exit from the EU’s Galileo and EGNOS programmes

This question is not able to be responded to as is outside the operational capabilities. As a British commercial corporation, Harlette Capital Ltd, are unable to answer a question in relation to the operational approach regarding EU’s Galileo or EGNOS programmes.

Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance

Most of the immediate issues faced with UK[iii], is in relation to the closest Alligator at the Boat[iv] Until the Brexit issues are embedded this area of Intelligence sharing is still a moving target. Please see the point 2,3,4 in the last question.

Communications

Using this scenario created from Harlette Capital Ltd

War Rooms - Scenario

1.     A war breaks out in Space 

2.     It is discovered that LEO is littered with space-based weaponry hidden in seemingly innocent nano satellites.

3.     Earth based factions start rioting and then gain access to ground based laser weapon sites.

Unknown Unknowns

1. The warring factions on earth start pointing at the sky taking down all the comms assets and Earth goes into a permanent blackout.
2. With no way of communicating 

Response – Beyond LEO

1. A hero begins his journey across the world to launch himself into space and save humanity promising to launch real satellites not pretending to be stars in a region that the earth-based laser weapons can’t reach

Resolution

1. He builds them with a small team and then takes a ride to space with the help of Europeans and Russians to hotwire a space launch facility. 

2. Earth gets rebooted. 

In addition to the above

1.     The only things that you have is a quantum key FSO network that you can talk with Canada & Baltics and the Russians in one place only St Petersburg.

2.     How would you support the Russians & the Europeans with this FSO network?

How do you establish a critical path for success to reboot Earth

1. Quantum Key FSO System
2. Baltics to Scotland to Goonhilly
3. Norway, Denmark, Finland, Sweden
4. St Petersburg to Scotland to Goonhilly
5. Norway, Denmark, Finland,
6. Scotland to Nova Scotia

Mr. Wiseman then cautioned his young friends as to the habits they contracted in early life:—”Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap.” You sow an act, you reap a habit (acts repeated constitute habits); you sow a habit, you reap a character; you sow a character, you reap a destiny. Let them, he said, cultivate habits of industry, application, and order, and they might rely upon it, with God’s blessing, they would succeed in life. (Applause.)

In 1856 a newspaper in Colchester, England reported on a speech delivered to students which contained a statement that has remained in circulation to the present day.

How vulnerable are our space assets to deliberate attack, both physical and otherwise, and what steps can be taken to improve their resilience (with regard both to defence capabilities and other critical national infrastructure)?

Is there a Chinese Wall between the space operations of these vendors and the collection of Gold Consumer Data from the UK general public?

All space vendors and aeronautical vendors that are from overseas how they are to keep UK data onshore and ensure that do not concatenate and collate with their international databases.

How can UK data stay in UK? Eg WhatsApp is owned from Facebook, yet UK government department hold UK private government conversations on a USA Facebook database that is owned from a US private corporation for private UK government business?

How can UK defence challenge the storage of UK defence related information off platforms that are not located in the UK?  A conversation held on WhatsApp is triangulated with the Facebook application and then government geo location of data people and conversations are not private, are they?

On Prem Cloud versus On Cloud and is your On cloud solution in UK or USA? Where is your Gold Data stored, are you allowing overseas operators to cherry pick your Gold Data from Internet, from Car data and concatenate this for future purposes that are unknown unknown to MoD, or Defence Sub Committee?

Is the UK supplied a manifest of every launch every satellite that is intended to collect UK data eg SpaceX is intending to launch future auto pilot Car services reliant on neural networks that turn on or off radar services depending on the function or location to a stationary or moving object that the car performs and satellite internet?

Has UK been given a schematic diagram of every satellite that is to collect and store data from the UK population and a clear understanding of how the neural network designs on the Tesla Autopilots work? Do you have clean and clear working understanding of the laser capabilities of satellites and their intersatellite capabilities that are acquiring and collecting UK citizen data.

How does the laser inter satellite transfer of data take place and is any UK data stored and collected offshore on servers outside UK and used for any purpose? Is SpaceX collecting Data on the UK population and supplying this to any third parties?

Is Amazon delivery of Covid related tests stored in the UK or stored outside of the UK and is it collated with any other information to create databases of the UK population health data outside of the NHS? To be used with any of the Amazon or Blue Origin projects in the future.

Plant a thought and reap a word;
plant a word and reap an action;
plant an action and reap a habit;
plant a habit and reap a character;
plant a character and reap a destiny.

In 1872 an expression that closely matched the 1856 statement was printed in a newspaper in Iowa. 3 In 1885 a variant of the above saying was credited to Bishop Beckwaith.

How can defence industrial policy ensure that investment and innovation in the private space sector is harnessed to align with the UK’s defence requirements?

Space Based Power Generation

The ability to generate power in space and successfully transport it to Earth, is said to be the new space defence domain of interest. The first country with the ability to harness the power generation in Space, is said to be the country that has a strategic and tactical advantage beyond those that are unable to generate power in space.

The UK’s defence requirements policy now needs to mirror what is considered terrestrial bound infrastructures and replicate these in Space and defend them.

6G implications of shared spectrum and who is charging, and how each country that is sharing UK’s spectrum when do they pay, is it a mix of a telecommunications interconnect system and the national electricity pooling model.

UK Defence Industrial Policy will need to ensure how this will work when telecommunications and power have achieved the capability of distribution from Free Space Optical and lasers? The idea of Energy & Telecommunications in the same domain is a tactical and strategic pivot in how UK’s [v] defence policy requirements are considered.

Space Power & Telecommunications Transmission

One of the 6G space prototype opportunities available are the development of space-based boomerang[vi][vii] inspired spacecraft that could be deployed with solar panels on the upper levels for self-generated power and laser telecommunications printed with 3D printers in space-based lunar or Mars based research centres.

Basic prototyping of this micro laser[viii]  with infa red or green, laser spectrum to test power[ix] and telemetry [x] in lab-based scenarios are estimated at cost of £100k to build a prototype for signal detections, wavelength that can be extended to a lidar pulse system with budgets in excess of £500k with the goal of space-based GigaWatt generation and distribution.[xi]

Its always sunny in space[xii]  a number of objections were raised in the 1970’s to the idea of power generation in space such as the cost of infrastructure in space [xiii]

Point to Point Defence Delivery

The innovation of 30min delivery for defence in a space port global network is the strategy that Defence forces are pivoting to. Once the dreams of Top Gun instructors to see a space port in every state in the USA in the 1980’s this capability is slowing evolving and building momentum for Defence leveraging from ideas such as SpacePort America[xiv] where Richard Branson’s Civilian Virgin Galactic[xv] flights to space are taking place from the spaceport[xvi].

The new hybrid strategy to support tactical and strategic, defence policy, includes every state in the USA to have a spaceport to support either supersonic, horizontal or vertical launch capabilities for defence to deliver within 30 minutes from point to point to increase rapid defence response capabilities.

For example, the global space port strategy, which I presented in Boulder, in 2020, would enable, a rapid response to famine. UK Defence Forces having previously secured and sourced pea protein from Belgium, the capability, to deliver to Ghana Space Port within 24 hours. For further delivery to Ethiopia, Sudan or any other area where food is needed, that the UK defence forces can assist in an emergency, with remote sensing and satellite tracking with GPS on each of the packages so they are tracked where they are deployed to ensure they arrive at the disaster hotspot.

To take this example further, if an extreme weather event or infrastructure failure occurred, space-based power generation, can be beamed to the space port closest to the area for storage in batteries and further distribution to places where land based national infrastructure is destroyed through natural disaster with assistance of defence [xvii].

Feeling issues in action, actions become habit, and habits crystallize into character. The formation of a good character, therefore, is largely dependent upon the right unfolding of feeling.

In 1897 a London periodical printed the outline of a sermon that was designed to instruct children about watchfulness: 6

Have recent machinery of government changes ensured a joined-up and coherent approach to defence space policy both across Whitehall and within the MoD?

This question is not able to be responded to as is outside the operational capabilities. As a British commercial corporation, Harlette Capital Ltd, are unable to answer a question in relation to the operational approach regarding Whitehall or MoD as this is not the field of experience of this corporation.

C—Companions. Watch your Companions. Birds of a feather flock together. Evil communications corrupt good manners. Be careful what friendships you make. We cannot touch pitch and remain undefiled.

W — Watch your Words.
A — Watch your Actions.
T — Watch your Thoughts.
C — Watch your Companions.
H — Watch your Habits.

What further improvements could be made? What should be the priorities of the new Space Command, and how will its structures facilitate integration across all military domains and co-operation with commercial space operations?

1. Resilience Mirror Sites built in London offering services to Australia, Spain USA for power outages[xviii] or attacks etc When the power outages happened in USA[xix], Roscosmos had to run coverage & this is a service that UK can offer NASA for back up sites when issues with power in Texas.
2. When Australia has denial of service attacks a mirror resilience site offering as a space bridge partner can you cut over in less than a denial of service attack.
3. NANO sat site tracking there are examples of nano sats that are launched and unable to identified up to 60 days at what point is this a rouge Nano satellite

Out of feelings, it has been said, spring actions; actions become habit; and habits crystallize into character. The great functions of the mind should work in harmony, and should be educated to work so.

How can the Ministry of Defence ensure that it attracts, develops and retains high calibre space specialists in both policy and operational roles

• Increase this capability at Kings College of London with a dedicated School of Space, Defence & Space Policy with Space Telecommunications.
1. Build a Zero G Lab in London
2. Build an International Space Noc for Development of Policy, Defence and Space Research
3. Build a 6G research centre with FSO space zero g lab in London for testing
4. Space Bridge Collaboration Co Research with Australia, EU, Russia, Japan, USA and emerging space agencies in Africa such as Ghana
5. Defence Scholarships within these programs with MoD

Begin by holding up a watch. Ask some child to tell you audibly the name of the object which you are exhibiting. The reply will be “A Watch.” Ask another child to spell the word “watch.”‘ You will get for answer “W-A-T-C-H.” Then put away your watch, for you are going to speak about time and its division of hours, minutes, and seconds. Ask for a word beginning with W, and suggest that you have just given one—word. Well, then, watch your words. Speak of the sins of the tongue. “Set a watch, O Lord, before my mouth, and keep the door of my lips.”

In 1897 a London periodical printed the outline of a sermon that was designed to instruct children about watchfulness: 6

Finally, by May 1977 a close match to the questioner’s version was printed in a Texas newspaper: 13

“Watch your thoughts, they become words;
watch your words, they become actions;
watch your actions, they become habits;
watch your habits, they become character;
Watch your character, for it becomes your destiny.”[xx]

29 June 2021

Kind Regards

Naomi McGill

MBA, B.IT

To read some of my recent contributions[xxi] please refer to this link[xxii]