Written evidence from Hertfordshire County Council (ELV0090)
Please find below Hertfordshire County Council’s (HCC) response to selected questions for the UK Parliament Call for Evidence into transitioning to Electric Vehicles: Call for Evidence - Committees - UK Parliament
Hertfordshire’s vision for the EV network is to enable residents and businesses across Hertfordshire to recharge their vehicles conveniently, and appropriately. This will facilitate the conversion of vehicles to meet Hertfordshire’s climate and air quality commitments and prepare drivers for the phase out of new petrol and diesel cars and vans in 2030 when around 30% of the fleet is expected to be electric.
Our electric vehicle charging strategy serves as a roadmap for facilitating the transition to an electrified transportation network. It provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with EV charging infrastructure and outlines our plans and objectives to expand the current EV network and encourage the future uptake.
Including in our response below are insights into some of the challenges we face or expect to face in the near future in regard to expanding the EV network and encouraging EV uptake.
Government approaches
1. What are the main obstacles to the achievement of the Government’s 2030 and 2035 phase-out dates? Are the phase-out dates realistic and achievable? If not, what steps should the Government take to make the phase-out dates achievable?
Main obstacles:
- Infrastructure development: the transition to EVs will require significant expansion of the EV charging network.
- On street charging infrastructure: to sufficiently expand the EV network on street charging will likely be required which can create challenges to local authorities in terms of cost, maintenance, accessibility, management (such as through parking enforcement), and grid capacity.
- Cost and affordability of EVs: currently EVs have a higher upfront cost than petrol/diesel vehicles which is a key barrier for people wishing to make the transition. Lower mileage drivers in particular may find it difficult to justify costs as the economic benefits would be much more long term.
- Public acceptance: there are behavioural/psychological barriers (range anxiety, perception of how often they need to charge, availability of chargers) that need to be addressed to help encourage the uptake of EVs.
- Development of a second-hand market: the current lack of an extensive second-hand EV market limits the range of affordable EV options.
- Sustained support and investment: many local authorities lack the required funding, resources, and expertise to deliver large scale EV networks, so ongoing support and investment is needed to help deliver a robust, future proofed EV network.
- Fleet electrification: local authorities will need to transition to a low-carbon fleet which presents many financial and technical challenges. Equivalent challenges may also face organisations that operate larger vehicle fleets, such as HGVs/LGVs.
- Charging speed and grid capacity: providing a range of charging options whilst ensuring grid stability is critical to expanding the EV network.
Are phase out dates realistic/achievable?
- The 2030/2035 targets are critical if the UK is to achieve its legally binding target of achieving net zero by 2050.
What can the government do to make the milestones more achievable?
- Financial support/incentives: provide further financial incentives, such as grants or tax credits, to make electric vehicles (EVs) more affordable for consumers. This could include further subsidies for both purchasing EVs and installing home charging stations.
- Ongoing investment in charging infrastructure: continue to invest in EV network, especially in rural and underserved areas.
- Used EV market: encourage the development of a robust market for used EVs; potentially offering incentives for the purchase of second-hand electric vehicles.
- Education and outreach: develop public awareness campaigns to inform consumers about the benefits of EVs and help dispel myths.
- Increase grid capacity: invest in upgrading grid to accommodate rising EV demand.
- Fleet electrification: provide support and guidance for local authorities and HGV/LGV owners to transition fleets with clarity on the long-term role of EVs in the context of larger vehicles and the potential role of other fuels sources, such as synthetics and hydrogen.
- Continued investment in shared and active travel is also critical to achieving the 2030/2035 milestones: We shouldn’t be aiming to replace petrol/diesel vehicles in a like for like way with EVs. A balance of increased active travel and public transport with reduced private car use and a transition towards EVs for the remaining vehicles should be the overall direction of travel.
4. Given that the Government should apply a behavioural lens to policy—which involves people making changes to their everyday lives, such as what they purchase and use—is there a role for clearer communication of the case for EVs from the Government? If so, who should take the lead on delivering that?
There are clear behavioural barriers that are preventing people from adopting EVs, such as range anxiety, the perception of inadequate charging infrastructure, the mistaken belief that vehicles need to be charged outside homes every night, lack of awareness of the benefits on EVs, concerns about affordability, concerns about charging times, habitual behaviour, perceived inconvenience, and psychological barriers. A concerted effort to educate consumers and alleviate concerns should be conducted at both a national and local level.
Regarding charging behaviours, highlighting the benefits of destination charging has an important role to play in dispelling the myth that vehicles need to be charged daily. Destination charging offers drivers more choice and is likely to become increasingly important given the emerging behavioural model of top up charging. The visibility of chargepoints at key destinations can also raise public confidence in availability, even for those who are unlikely to depend on public charging in practice due to having off-street parking at home.
5. What is your view on the accuracy of the information in the public domain relating to EVs and their usage?
The issues with accuracy are often down to the abundance of information that come from a range of diverse sources, including government agencies, automakers, advocacy groups, news outlets, academics, and social media.
There is a particular gap in knowledge about what the private sector (e.g., supermarket chains, fuel forecourt providers, hotel chains) are planning to do in relation to the installation of EV chargers.
6. What are the overall environmental benefits that would result from achieving the 2030 and 2035 targets?
Achieving the 2030 and 2035 targets for phasing out petrol and diesel vehicles in favour of electric vehicles (EVs) will result in significant environmental benefits, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality from the removal of tailpipe emissions, and decreased reliance on fossil fuels. All of which are critical for the UK to achieve net zero by 2050. It should be recognised however the problems such as particulate matter pollution, road congestion and safety issues will remain and the rollout towards EV needs to be in line with other strategies such as investment in active travel infrastructure.
7. What are the likely costs that will be faced by consumers as a result of the Government’s phase-out dates for non-zero emissions vehicles? Are there policies or initiatives that the Government could use to specifically target barriers arising from unpredictable costs to the consumer, for example significant fluctuations in the cost of electricity, changes to road taxes, or the introduction of low emission zones?
In the current climate, transitioning to an EV could be expensive for the average consumer, both in terms of purchasing the vehicle, charging (if energy prices remain high/volatile and/or if they don’t have access to a home charger), and the ongoing upkeep and maintenance. Incentives to support the transition for consumers could include:
- Purchase incentives: such as rebates, tax credits, or grants to reduce the upfront cost of EVs.
- Charging infrastructure support: such as continued or increased subsidies for home charger installation and incentives for businesses to install charging stations.
- Incentives to encourage off-peak charging: which can reduce charging costs for EV owners.
- EV tariffs: Provide guidance or employ measures to ensure EV tariffs are in line with energy costs to discourage excessive rates (which contribute to discouraging EV uptake).
- Battery recycling and replacement programs: that promote the recycling and responsible disposal of EV batteries.
- Second-hand EV incentives: for the purchase of pre-owned electric vehicles, making EVs more accessible to a broader range of consumers.
- Education and outreach: providing information and education campaigns to help consumers understand the long-term cost savings associated with EVs, including lower fuel and maintenance costs.
- Environmental and congestion charge discounts or exemptions: providing financial incentives for driving zero-emission vehicles.
- Keeping the chargepoint market competitive: ensuring that prices charged at publicly available chargepoints are transparent, fair, and regulated.
National and regional issues
29. What are the challenges or concerns around grid capacity in relation to significantly increased EV adoption?
Significantly increased EV adoption could create challenges and concerns related to grid capacity as the demand for electricity to charge these vehicles will increase. The key challenges include:
- The need for costly grid upgrades which may be required to manage demand, particularly for rapid charging stations and in high density urban areas.
- Managing peak demand and maintaining a balance between electrical supply/demand is critical to ensure the grid remains stable.
- Managing the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, (which can be intermittent in their supply) against rising demand is critical to avoid disruptions in the network.
30. What is the role of distribution network operators in ensuring EV infrastructure can be rolled out sufficiently to meet 2030 target?
- Grid Planning: Develop long-term grid planning strategies that anticipate and accommodate increased EV adoption. This may involve identifying areas where grid upgrades are needed and prioritising investments.
- Smart Charging (and initiatives such as Vehicle to Grid): Encourage smart charging practices that allow EVs to charge during off-peak hours, reducing the strain on the grid during peak periods. Time-of-use pricing can incentivise this behaviour.
- Demand Response Programs: Implement demand response programs that allow utilities to manage EV charging loads dynamically, reducing stress on the grid during peak times.
- Battery Energy Storage: Consider the deployment of battery energy storage systems that can absorb excess energy during low-demand periods and release it during high-demand periods, helping to stabilize the grid.
- Grid Modernisation: Invest in grid modernisation technologies that enable real-time monitoring and control, making it easier to manage grid capacity and stability.
- Policy and Regulation: Develop policies and regulations that support grid integration of EVs, including incentive programs and standards for charging infrastructure.
- Collaboration: Collaborate with automakers, charging network providers, and other stakeholders to coordinate efforts and ensure that charging infrastructure is aligned with grid capacity.
31. What are the requirements, challenges or opportunities for the development of public charge point delivery across the UK? How will the development of EV charging infrastructure in the UK interact with existing planning regulations?
Interactions with existing planning regulations are essential to ensure that EV charging stations are installed in suitable locations and that the expansion of the charging network aligns with urban and environmental planning objectives.
- Heritage and Conservation Areas: EV charging infrastructure needs to consider regulations that are in place to protect heritage and conservation areas, restricting new construction or modifications to preserve historical and cultural significance.
- Parking Regulations: planning regulations related to parking requirements and the allocation of parking spaces, such as in new developments, need to be considered as part of the availability and accessibility of EV charging infrastructure.
- Accessibility: Charging stations should be accessible to all users, including individuals with disabilities.
- Aesthetic Considerations: Design guidelines may be needed in certain areas to guide the location and appearance of charging stations to ensure they fit/blend with the surroundings.
- Utility and Infrastructure Coordination: Planning regulations may require coordination with utility companies to ensure that the electrical infrastructure can support the additional load from charging stations.
- Standards and codes of practice: Charging station installations should adhere to the latest safety and installation standards.
- Local Plans/Policies: Long term planning policies, such as local plans, transport plans and sustainability strategies, can influence the strategic placement of charging infrastructure to align with local objectives.
32. What are the issues facing rural residents, urban residents, and sub-urban residents and how do they differ?
- Rural residents may have limited access to chargepoint services. These areas may also be seen as being less commercially attractive to suppliers. In certain areas there may also be grid constraints. Some historic villages have little off street parking and there is a need to work with parish councils as well as district councils to identify potential locations for chargepoints. Range anxiety issues are likely to be particularly acute in rural areas and cost of electricity / chargepoints is a key issue given longer journey distances and greater reliance on the car for rural residents.
- Urban residents may experience the opposite issue and find accessing a chargepoint difficult due to a lack of availability of chargepoints in areas of high demand. This could lead to potential congestion issues, especially during peak hours. Many urban residents may also not have access to off-street charging/home charging which would necessitate the need for increased levels of charging infrastructure. High demand and usage may also result in grid capacity issues. In some areas there may be concerns about leaving cars to charge overnight in locations away from homes due to security issues.
- Sub-urban residents may experience similar issues to rural residents, depending on the specific location.
33. What role do you see local authorities playing in the delivering the 2030 phase out target, particularly in relation to planning regulations, charge points and working with District Network Operators? How can government best support local authorities in their roles?
- Ensure that new construction projects, including residential and commercial developments, are EV ready, such as applying the new building regulations and mandating minimum installation requirements and future proofing developments to enable increased levels of chargepoint installations.
- Require that charging station operators share usage data with relevant authorities to monitor the effectiveness of charging infrastructure and plan for future expansion.
- Align EV charging regulations with broader sustainability goals and climate action plans to promote the transition to clean energy and transportation.
- Provide updated guidance/design guidelines to create a more standardised approach to EV chargepoint installations, particularly for on street charging.
- Implement mechanisms for monitoring compliance with EV charging regulations and enforce penalties for non-compliance.
- Continue investment and support package through EST and Cenex.
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International perspectives
34. What are the successful approaches to the rollout and uptake of EVs in other countries, and what can the UK learn from these cases?
Incentives and Subsidies:
- Norway: Norway has robust incentives, including tax exemptions, reduced tolls, and free charging, which have helped to increase EV adoption rates.
Purchase Incentives:
- Germany: Germany's has numerous purchase incentives, such as buyer bonuses and VAT reductions for EVs, which have helped to accelerate adoption.
Urban Planning:
- Denmark: Copenhagen's urban planning prioritises cycling and electric mobility, creating a conducive environment for EVs.
Education and Outreach:
- Sweden: Sweden's public awareness campaigns and educational efforts have helped dispel myths about EVs and promote their benefits.
Collaboration with Industry:
- South Korea: The South Korean government collaborate closely with automakers which has led to successful EV initiatives, such as development incentives and charging infrastructure investment.
Support for Used EVs:
- United States: Some U.S. states offer incentives for purchasing used EVs, making electric mobility more affordable. The UK can explore policies to promote the second-hand EV market.
Regulatory Framework:
- California, USA: California has implemented strict emissions regulations, including zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) mandates, which have led automakers to produce more EVs.
Battery Recycling and Repurposing:
- Japan: Japan has invested in research and development for EV battery recycling and repurposing, promoting sustainability.
Public Transportation Electrification:
- Sweden: Electrification of public transportation, such as buses and trams, has been successful in Sweden. The UK can continue to invest in electrifying its public transit systems.
Carbon Pricing:
- Quebec, Canada: Quebec has implemented carbon pricing mechanisms, encouraging the adoption of low-emission vehicles like EVs. The UK can explore carbon pricing strategies to incentivize cleaner transportation choice.