Gardner & Co (Kent) Ltd                                          HRSC0060

Written evidence submitted by Gardner & Co in Partnership

with OAIRO

UK GOVERNMENT’S REVIEW ON HEAT RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE COOLING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

UK GOVERNMENT CALL FOR EVIDENCE

The Environmental Audit Committee is undertaking a short inquiry into Heat resilience and sustainable cooling. It will look at the relationship between heat and health; examine the adequacy of current Government policies in relation to current and future need for cooling; and consider what measures could be taken to increase adaptation and resilience to rising temperatures. It is seeking written evidence to inform its inquiry and will hold an oral evidence session in order to form an initial view of the issues.

Health impacts

In 2022, the UK issued its first ever Level 4 heat-health alert[1] as temperature records were broken and a temperature of over 40°C was recorded for the first time. According to Office for National Statistics (ONS) data[2], the five heat-periods[3] between June and August 2022 resulted in excess mortality of 3,271 deaths – 6.2% above the five-year average – of which 2,803 were in the most vulnerable age group of over 65. As temperatures continue to rise[4], heatwaves are likely to become more frequent and severe due to the effects of climate change. Urban areas can exacerbate this heat exposure as cities are susceptible to the ‘urban heat island’ effect.[5]

Air conditioning

The International Energy Agency estimated in 2018 that the growing use of air conditioners (ACs) in homes and offices would be one of the top drivers of electricity demand globally over the next 30 years, with an equivalent of ten new ACs to be sold every second up to 2050[6]. This trend looks likely to be mirrored in the UK.[7] A large degree of dependency on this single technology risks a vicious cycle whereby more ACs lead to higher energy consumption, leading to higher CO2 emissions, and increasing temperatures yet further. Additionally, ACs typically use refrigerant gases that are highly pollutant, having global warming potentials up to thousands of times that of CO2.[8]

There are less energy-intensive alternatives to AC use; for example, passive and low-energy cooling solutions such as solar protection devices, radiative cooling technologies, adequate ventilation, ceiling fans, evaporative cooling, nature-based solutions, urban greenery, or designing buildings to perform better under hot (and cold) conditions.
 

REASON FOR SUBMISSION RELATING TO HEAT RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE COOLING

Introduction to the Gardner & Co and OAIRO Partnership promoting technology benefits in the OAIRO HVAC system for health and energy-saving technologies.  Reasons why we are submitting evidence for the OAIRO system technology is to promote and help to try and change the world we live in and help highlight technology that we are proud to stand by in helping the UK and Global environment change for the better:

• Environmental Impact reduction
• Energy-efficient HVAC systems
• Indoor Air Quality and Health
• Occupant Well-being: Health-promoting HVAC technologies
• Building Performance:
• Data on energy consumption before and after technology implementation, and other metrics that demonstrate the positive impact of health and energy-saving HVAC technologies.
• Demonstrating a commitment to sustainable and healthy practices
• Research and Innovation
• Innovative HVAC and air diffusion technologies, and their effectiveness can contribute to the broader field of energy-efficient and health-promoting building practices.

INTRODUCTION TO GARDNER & CO / OAIRO Partnership

Gardner & Co are the UK’s leading ventilation specialists with decades of experience and a history dating back to 1873 where the first factory was in Dockhead, Bermondsey, 0.6 miles from the current head office in London.

Gardner & Co has transformed like many companies over the decades from the original founding Gardner family to Mr Philip Gardner VC through the 1st and 2nd World Wars and various industry recessions to the present-day Chairman, Mr Peter Legge.  Gardner & Co is still run as a family business with both Stephen Legge and Richard Legge (Joint Managing Directors) carrying on the company family values that are as important today as there where when incorporated in 1873.

Gardner & Co were the first ductwork company to undertake an “Airside” package and our company continues to pride itself on being at the forefront of innovation and technology, ensuring our reputation remains second to none in our field.

The company philosophy is to consider the complete construction process, from inception to handover at every stage, to facilitate the full integration of Mechanical and Electrical Services with a ‘right first time’ approach.

Gardner & Co have always been a forward-thinking business investing in not only people but technology and innovation.  The company was involved, and help developed the UK’s first “Fresh Air Cooled Mega Data Centre” for HP in the northeast of England to today’s partnership formed with OAIRO, who have developed an ultra-energy efficient low emission accelerated air diffusion Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning Technologies covering residential, educational, healthcare and commercial properties.

The OAIRO Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning Technologies system is a GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY, Multi-Million Dollar, 10 Year research and development project to enhance human well-being, performance, safety and life expectancy in the indoor environment can save buildings 30%-73% HVAC related energy and operational savings. 

OAIRO Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) technologies will play a crucial role in improving energy efficiency and operational savings in buildings. These systems are responsible for maintaining indoor comfort while also accounting for a significant portion of energy consumption in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

Implementing OAIRO will help towards meeting the governments net zero targets.  The energy efficient OAIRO HVAC technology can lead to substantial energy and cost savings, as well as environmental benefits.

Here's how OAIRO HVAC technologies contribute to these savings:

1. Energy Efficiency:

• High-Efficiency Equipment: Modern digital HVAC equipment is designed to be more energy-efficient, with improved motors, compressors, and controls that dynamically synchronise using Ai to reduce energy consumption while maintaining or improving performance.

• Variable Speed Drives: HVAC systems equipped with variable speed drives can adjust their operation to match the actual real-time cooling or heating demand in the building, saving energy by avoiding constant high-speed operation.

• Zoning and Controls: Zoning systems allow different areas of a building to be heated or cooled independently based on occupancy, temperature and air quality needs, reducing the overall energy usage.

• Unique accelerated thermal diffusion: Particle diffusion delivers ultra-efficient air movement and energy dispersion,  Heating, Cooling and Ventilating the space up to 100x faster than conventional solutions whilst using considerably less mechanical energy. The OAIRO solution delivers a 20mm thermal insulation barrier around the inside of the zone due to molecular velocity variations, reducing energy consumption yet further.

2. Improved Controls and Automation:

• Smart Thermostats: Smart thermostats and sensors allow for precise control of indoor temperatures, humidity and air quality and can adapt to occupants' schedules and preferences, optimizing energy use.

• Building Management Systems (BMS): BMS technology enables centralized monitoring, optimization, control and synchronisation of HVAC systems, helping to identify inefficiencies and opportunities for optimization.

3. Heat Recovery:

• Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) and Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV): These systems capture and reuse thermal energy from exhaust air to pre-condition incoming fresh air, reducing the energy needed to heat or cool incoming air.

• Heat Pumps: Heat pump systems can provide both heating and cooling using the same technology, offering energy savings compared to separate heating and cooling systems. When paired with OAIRO technologies the co-efficient of performance can be increased to <7, i.e. for every 1kw input your achieve 7kw of output.

4. Insulation and Sealing:

• Building Envelope Improvements: Well-insulated buildings with proper sealing reduce the load on HVAC systems by minimizing heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments.

5. Maintenance and Upgrades:

• Regular Maintenance: Routine maintenance ensures HVAC systems operate at their peak efficiency, preventing energy waste caused by malfunctioning or inefficient components.

• Upgrades: Retrofitting older HVAC systems with more energy-efficient components or even upgrading to newer systems can lead to substantial energy savings.

6. Renewable Energy Integration:

• Solar Energy: Integrating solar panels with HVAC systems can provide renewable energy to power or supplement heating and cooling needs.

• Geothermal Heat Pumps: Geothermal systems use the stable temperature of the earth to provide efficient heating and cooling, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources.

7. Reporting and Monitoring:

• Building OS: Delivers a cloud based data collection, analysis and reporting portal for properties nationwide. Automatically collecting every connected buildings data and outputting ESG reporting in real-time.

Implementing the energy efficient OAIRO HVAC technology can result in significant energy savings, which can range from 30% to 73%, depending on the technologies adopted, building type, climate, and other factors.

It's important to tailor HVAC solutions to the specific needs of each building and ensure proper design, installation, and maintenance to achieve optimal results.

OAIRO key health benefits.

OAIRO offers several key health benefits which are most relevant today and highlighted even more so by the COVID19 pandemic to air quality and health benefits.

Ensuring better indoor air quality is crucial for maintaining the health, comfort, and well-being of occupants in homes, offices, and other indoor environments. Poor indoor air quality can have a range of negative effects on human health and productivity. Here are some key reasons why there's a need for better indoor air quality:

1. Health Impacts:

• Respiratory Issues: Poor indoor air quality can lead to or exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, allergies, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• Irritation: Indoor pollutants can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, leading to discomfort and decreased quality of life.

• Long-Term Health Risks: Long-term exposure to indoor air pollutants has been linked to more serious health issues such as heart disease, stroke, and even certain cancers.

2. Productivity and Well-being:

• Productivity: Good indoor air quality has been shown to enhance cognitive function and productivity in workplaces, leading to better performance and job satisfaction.

• Mental Health: Poor indoor air quality can contribute to stress, irritability, and a decrease in overall mental well-being.

3. Vulnerable Populations:

• Children and Elderly: Children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are more susceptible to the health effects of poor indoor air quality.

4. Indoor Air Pollutants:

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): VOCs are emitted by various household products, including paints, cleaning agents, and furniture, and can negatively affect indoor air quality.

• Particulate Matter: Tiny particles in the air can be inhaled into the lungs and impact respiratory health.

• Radon: An odourless, colourless gas that can seep into buildings and increase the risk of lung cancer.

• Biological Pollutants: Mold, pollen, pet dander, and dust mites can trigger allergies and other health problems.

5. Building-Related Syndrome:

• Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): Poor indoor air quality can contribute to SBS, where occupants experience a range of symptoms like headaches, fatigue, and discomfort while spending time in a particular building.

6. Energy Efficiency and Ventilation:

Energy-Efficient Buildings: While energy-efficient buildings are designed to minimize heat loss and gain, they can sometimes have reduced natural ventilation, leading to potential indoor air quality issues.

7. COVID-19 and Air Quality:

• Respiratory Infections: Good indoor air quality is particularly important in the context of respiratory infections like COVID-19, where proper ventilation and air filtration can reduce the risk of transmission.
• Particle dissipation: OAIRO accelerated particle dissipation dilutes and disperses pathogens significantly faster than conventional solutions, mitigating risk of infection.

Addressing the need for better indoor air quality requires a combination of effective ventilation, proper air filtration, reducing indoor pollutant sources, and maintaining clean and well-maintained indoor environments. Regular maintenance, choosing low-emission building materials and products, and promoting proper ventilation practices are essential steps toward ensuring healthier indoor air for everyone.

Increase use of HVAC Systems

The concerns and considerations highlighted regarding the increasing use of air conditioning (AC) and its potential environmental impacts are significant. The growing demand for air conditioning can contribute to higher energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and exacerbate global warming. There are several less energy-intensive alternatives and sustainable cooling solutions that can help mitigate these issues:

1. Passive Cooling Techniques:

• Solar Protection Devices: Properly designed shading devices, such as overhangs and louvers, can help reduce solar heat gain and keep indoor spaces cooler.

• Radiative Cooling Technologies: These technologies use materials that emit heat to the outer space, effectively cooling the surrounding area without using energy.

• Ventilation: Natural ventilation and cross-ventilation can help promote air circulation and cool indoor spaces. (but increases risk of transferring pollution)

• Ceiling Fans: Ceiling fans can provide localized cooling and improve air movement, making occupants feel more comfortable without the need for energy-intensive air conditioning.

2. Evaporative Cooling:

• Evaporative Cooling Systems: These systems use the principle of evaporation to cool indoor spaces. They are energy-efficient and work well in dry climates.

3. Nature-Based Solutions:

Urban Greenery: Incorporating green spaces, trees, and vegetation into urban areas can help mitigate the urban heat island effect and provide natural cooling.

• Cool Roofs: Using cool or reflective roofing materials can reduce heat absorption and lower indoor temperatures.

4. Building Design and Materials:

• Passive Design: Designing buildings with appropriate orientation, insulation, and thermal mass can reduce the need for active cooling.

• High Thermal Performance Materials: Using materials with high thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity can help maintain comfortable indoor temperatures.

5. Energy-Efficient HVAC & Indoor Air Quality Systems:

• OAIRO High-Efficiency AC Systems: When air conditioning is necessary, choosing energy-efficient AC systems can help reduce energy consumption.

6. Behaviour and Awareness:

• Occupant Behaviour: Educating occupants about efficient use of AC systems, setting appropriate temperature levels, and using natural ventilation can help minimize AC use.

• Energy Conservation: Encouraging energy conservation practices in buildings can reduce the overall demand for cooling.

Implementing a combination of these alternatives and sustainable cooling solutions as OAIRO can help mitigate the negative impacts of increased air conditioning use. A holistic approach that considers building design, technology, behaviour, and urban planning can contribute to more sustainable and comfortable living environments while minimizing energy consumption and environmental harm.

OAIRO has been successfully deployed and used in various environments from California State University campus, to even being used by Sally Gunnell Olympic Champion and High-Performance Coach.  Not only related to energy savings but to health and performance giving an extra edge to athletes.

CALL FOR EVIDENCE Q&A

Question 1:

What evidence exists on the relationship between heat and human health (mortality and morbidity), and which communities are worst affected?

Relationship between heat and human health

The relationship between heat and human health, particularly in terms of mortality and morbidity, has been extensively studied and documented. Heat-related health impacts can be severe, especially in vulnerable populations. Here is an overview of the evidence and communities most affected:

Heat and Mortality:

Heatwaves and prolonged periods of high temperatures have been associated with an increase in mortality rates, especially among older adults and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Some key findings include:

• Elevated Mortality: Heatwaves are associated with a notable increase in mortality rates, particularly from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

• Vulnerable Populations: The elderly, infants, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic illnesses are at higher risk of heat-related mortality.

• Urban Heat Island Effect: Urban areas tend to experience higher temperatures due to the urban heat island effect, leading to increased mortality rates in densely populated cities.

2. Heat and Morbidity:

Extreme heat can also lead to a range of health issues beyond mortality, including:

• Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke: Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are acute heat-related illnesses that can occur due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Symptoms include dehydration, dizziness, confusion, and high body temperature.

• Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Heat can exacerbate existing health conditions such as respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma), cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.

• Performance: Reduced cognitive performance, sluggishness, and general performance reduction.

3. Vulnerable Communities:

Certain communities are more vulnerable to the health impacts of heat due to a combination of factors, including socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental conditions:

• Elderly: Older adults are at higher risk due to reduced ability to regulate body temperature and higher likelihood of having chronic health conditions.

• Children: Infants and young children are more susceptible to heat-related illnesses due to their smaller body size and higher metabolic rates.

• Low-Income Communities: Individuals with limited access to air conditioning, proper housing, and healthcare may face increased health risks during heatwaves.

• Social Isolation: People who are socially isolated may lack support systems that could help them cope with extreme heat events.

• Outdoor Workers: Outdoor workers, such as construction workers and agricultural laborers, are exposed to higher temperatures, putting them at risk of heat-related illnesses.

• Urban Dwellers: Urban populations can be at higher risk due to the urban heat island effect and lack of green spaces that provide cooling.

4. Geographic Variations:

The health impacts of heat can vary based on geographic location, as regions with different climate conditions and infrastructure will experience varying degrees of vulnerability.

5. Climate Change Amplification:

Climate change is projected to increase the frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves. This could lead to more severe health impacts, necessitating adaptation measures.

6. Adaptation and Mitigation:

To mitigate the adverse health impacts of heat, especially among vulnerable communities, strategies could include:

• Heat Action Plans: Developing and implementing heat action plans that include early warning systems, communication strategies, and guidelines for healthcare professionals.

• Cooling Centres: Establishing cooling centres in areas where vulnerable populations reside during heatwaves.

• Public Awareness: Raising awareness about the risks of heat-related illnesses and promoting protective measures such as staying hydrated and seeking shade.

• Urban Planning: Designing cities with green spaces, shading, and reflective materials to reduce the urban heat island effect.

• Healthcare Preparedness: Ensuring healthcare facilities are prepared to handle an increase in patients during heatwaves.

In summary, there is strong evidence of the relationship between heat and human health, with heatwaves and extreme temperatures leading to increased mortality and morbidity, particularly among vulnerable communities such as the elderly, children, low-income individuals, and outdoor workers.

As climate change progresses, addressing these health impacts through adaptation and mitigation strategies becomes increasingly important.

Question 2:

How can sustainable cooling solutions and adaptation strategies be implemented in such a way as to minimise overheating, reduce energy consumption, and prevent overloading of the electricity grid during peak demand?

Implementing sustainable cooling solutions and adaptation strategies to minimize overheating, reduce energy consumption, and prevent overloading of the electricity grid during peak demand requires a holistic and integrated approach. Here are some key strategies that can be employed:

1. Passive Design and Building Retrofits:

Building Orientation: Design and retrofit buildings to maximize natural shading and ventilation based on the local climate and solar exposure.

• Insulation and Thermal Mass: Use high-quality insulation and thermal mass to regulate indoor temperatures and reduce the need for active cooling.

• Shading Strategies: Employ external shading devices, such as awnings, louvers, and overhangs, to block direct sunlight and reduce solar heat gain.

• Cool Roofs and Green Roofs: Install cool or green roofs that reflect sunlight and absorb less heat, thus reducing indoor temperatures.

2. Energy-Efficient Cooling Technologies:

• High-Efficiency HVAC Systems: Install energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, such as variable air volume and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems or chilled beam systems.

• Natural Ventilation: Design buildings to facilitate natural ventilation through well-placed windows, vents, and airways.

• Thermal Comfort Standards: Set indoor temperature standards that prioritize thermal comfort without excessive cooling (this requires control of humidity and air quality).

3. Renewable Energy Integration:

• Solar Power: Integrate solar panels to power cooling systems and reduce reliance on the electricity grid during peak demand.

• Wind Power: In suitable locations, wind power can also contribute to cooling needs.

4. Demand-Side Management:

• Demand Response Programs: Implement demand response programs that incentivize users to reduce electricity consumption during peak hours.

• Smart Appliances: Utilize smart appliances and devices that can be programmed to operate during off-peak hours.

5. Energy Storage:

Battery Storage: Use battery storage systems to store excess energy during off-peak hours and use it during peak demand.

Thermal Energy Storage: Utilize thermal energy storage systems to store cooling energy during off-peak hours for use during peak times.

6. Urban Planning and Landscaping:

• Green Spaces: Incorporate green spaces, parks, and vegetation in urban planning to mitigate the urban heat island effect.

• Cool Pavements: Use reflective or cool pavements that absorb less heat and reduce outdoor temperatures.

7. Public Awareness and Education:

• Energy Conservation: Educate residents and businesses about the importance of energy conservation and efficient cooling practices.

• Behavioural Changes: Encourage individuals to adjust their thermostat settings, use fans, and close curtains during peak heat to reduce cooling loads.

8. Government Policies and Incentives:

• Energy Efficiency Standards: Enforce building codes and standards that require energy-efficient design and cooling systems.

• Financial Incentives: Provide incentives for adopting sustainable cooling solutions, such as tax breaks or rebates for energy-efficient appliances and systems.

• Finance solutions: Provide low rate 5-20 year loans fixed on the asset and recovered as a tax to enable energy efficiency upgrades from £50,000 +.

9. Research and Innovation:

Technological Advancements: Support research and development in cooling technologies and materials to enhance efficiency and sustainability.

By combining these strategies and tailoring them to the specific context and needs of the region, it's possible to implement sustainable cooling solutions that not only minimize overheating and energy consumption but also contribute to a more resilient and reliable electricity grid during peak demand periods. Collaboration between government agencies, urban planners, building professionals, energy providers, and the community is crucial to achieving these goals.

Question 3.

What actions can be taken to protect those most vulnerable to the impacts of extreme heat?

Protecting those most vulnerable to the impacts of extreme heat requires a multi-faceted approach that involves both short-term and long-term strategies. Vulnerable populations include the elderly, children, individuals with pre-existing health conditions, low-income individuals, outdoor workers, and those without access to proper cooling resources. Here are some key actions that can be taken:

1. Early Warning Systems:

Establish heat health warning systems that provide timely alerts to vulnerable populations, healthcare providers, and community organizations when heatwaves are expected.

2. Public Awareness and Education:

Raise awareness about the risks of extreme heat and educate vulnerable populations on protective measures such as staying hydrated, wearing appropriate clothing, and seeking shade.

3. Cooling Centres and Safe Spaces:

Set up cooling centres in easily accessible locations, especially in urban areas, where vulnerable individuals can seek refuge during heatwaves.

4. Social Support Networks:

Establish community outreach programs that provide support to vulnerable individuals, including regular welfare checks and assistance in accessing cooling resources.

5. Health Services:

Ensure that healthcare facilities are prepared to handle increased patient volumes during heatwaves, and that medical professionals are trained to recognize and treat heat-related illnesses.

6. Housing Improvements:

Implement energy-efficient retrofits in housing for vulnerable populations to improve indoor temperature regulation and reduce the need for active cooling.

7. Transportation Options:

Ensure accessible and affordable transportation options for vulnerable individuals to reach cooler environments or cooling centres during heatwaves.

8. Financial Assistance:

Provide financial assistance, such as energy bill subsidies, to low-income individuals to help them afford cooling during hot periods.

9. Social Isolation Mitigation:

Address social isolation among vulnerable populations by promoting community engagement, encouraging social interactions, and providing support services.

10. Green and Cool Spaces:

Develop and enhance urban green spaces and parks that provide shade and cooling opportunities for vulnerable individuals.

11. Urban Planning:

Integrate heat-resilient urban planning principles, such as designing neighbourhoods with tree-lined streets and green roofs, to mitigate heat exposure.

12. Policy and Regulation:

Implement policies that require employers to provide shaded break areas and appropriate heat protections for outdoor workers.

13. Data Collection and Research:

Collect data on vulnerable populations and their specific needs to inform targeted interventions and strategies.

14. Community Engagement:

Engage local communities, community-based organizations, and non-governmental organizations in the planning and implementation of heat resilience measures.

15. Emergency Response Plans:

Develop and communicate heat-specific emergency response plans that outline actions to be taken during heatwaves, especially for vulnerable populations.

It's important to tailor interventions to the specific needs and characteristics of each vulnerable group and to continually evaluate and adapt strategies based on changing climate conditions and community feedback. Collaboration among government agencies, non-profit organizations, healthcare providers, and local communities is crucial for the successful implementation of these actions.

Question 4:

To what extent do the Government’s Climate Change Risk Assessment and National Adaptation Programme (as well as other related strategies such as the Net Zero Strategy and Heat and Buildings Strategy) identify and address the risks from extreme heat? (Note: The third NAP, covering the five-year period from 2023-2028, is expected to be published in the summer of 2023)

What extent do the Government’s Climate Change Risk Assessment and National Adaptation Programme (as well as other related strategies such as the Net Zero Strategy and Heat and Buildings Strategy) identify and address the risks from extreme heat? (Note: The third NAP, covering the five-year period from 2023-2028, is expected to be published in the summer of 2023)

Information on how the UK's Climate Change Risk Assessment, National Adaptation Programme, and other related strategies address the risks from extreme heat up to that point. Any developments related to the expected third National Adaptation Programme (NAP) covering the period from 2023 to 2028.

1. Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA):

The CCRA is a comprehensive assessment of climate-related risks facing the UK, conducted every five years. The most recent CCRA, published in 2021, identified heat as a key climate risk. The report highlights that heatwaves pose risks to human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and natural systems. It emphasizes the need for adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability to extreme heat events.

2. National Adaptation Programme (NAP):

The UK's NAP outlines the government's approach to managing climate risks and adapting to the changing climate. The first NAP was published in 2013, and the second in 2018. The NAPs have highlighted the importance of addressing heat-related risks and have included actions related to:

• Heat-Resilient Infrastructure: Ensuring that infrastructure is designed to withstand extreme heat events.

• Health Protection: Developing heat health warning systems and providing guidance to the public and health professionals.

• Urban Planning: Promoting urban green spaces and heat-resilient building designs.

• Community Engagement: Encouraging community awareness and preparedness for heatwaves.

3. Other Related Strategies:

• Net Zero Strategy: The Net Zero Strategy, which outlines the UK's path to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, includes considerations for energy-efficient buildings, sustainable transportation, and renewable energy sources. These measures can indirectly contribute to addressing extreme heat risks by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Heat and Buildings Strategy: The Heat and Buildings Strategy is aimed at improving the energy efficiency of buildings and reducing emissions from heating systems. Energy-efficient buildings can help reduce energy demand and, in turn, the potential for overheating during heatwaves.

NOTE: As you mentioned, the third NAP is expected to be published in the summer of 2023, and it's likely to provide updated information on how the UK government addresses the risks from extreme heat and implements adaptation measures.

Question 5.

Does the current planning framework do enough to encourage heat resilience measures such as cooling shelters, water bodies, green infrastructure and shading to be integrated into urban planning? Where such measures are incorporated, how accessible and successful are they?

As of my last update in September 2021, the effectiveness of the current planning framework in the UK in encouraging heat resilience measures, such as cooling shelters, water bodies, green infrastructure, and shading, to be integrated into urban planning can vary. The planning framework includes policies and guidelines that can support these measures, but implementation and success can depend on various factors, including local context, resources, and community engagement.

Here are some key points to consider:

1. Planning Policies and Guidelines:

The planning framework in the UK includes policies and guidelines that support the integration of heat resilience measures into urban planning. These measures are often linked to broader goals of sustainable development, climate adaptation, and public health.

2. Green Infrastructure and Shading:

Success Factors: Where green infrastructure, such as parks and green spaces, and shading elements are incorporated, they can help mitigate urban heat island effects and provide cool and comfortable spaces for residents. The success of these measures often depends on their design, maintenance, and accessibility.

3. Water Bodies and Cooling Shelters:

• Water Bodies: Incorporating water bodies like lakes, ponds, or fountains into urban planning can contribute to cooling and aesthetic enhancement. However, successful implementation might require considerations for water quality, maintenance, and public access.

• Cooling Shelters: Cooling shelters, which provide a safe place for individuals to escape extreme heat, can be effective during heatwaves. Their success depends on factors such as location, accessibility, awareness, and coordination with emergency management agencies.

4. Community Engagement:

Successful integration of heat resilience measures often requires community engagement and participation in the planning process. Ensuring that the measures align with the needs and preferences of local residents can enhance their accessibility and success.

5. Accessibility:

For these measures to be successful, they must be easily accessible to all segments of the population, especially vulnerable groups. This includes considerations for physical accessibility, proximity to residential areas, and transportation options.

6. Challenges:

• Funding: Adequate funding and resources are essential for implementing and maintaining heat resilience measures. Budget constraints can be a challenge in some cases.

• Land Use: Availability of suitable land for implementing cooling shelters, green infrastructure, and water bodies can be limited in urban areas with high development density.

7. Case-by-Case Success:

The success of these measures varies depending on the specific context of each community. Some areas may have successfully integrated cooling shelters, green infrastructure, and shading, while others may face challenges related to implementation, maintenance, and community support.

Question 6.

What can be done to protect the UK’s existing public and private sector housing stock from the impacts of extreme heat while ensuring that homes are sufficiently warm in the winter months?

Protecting the UK's existing public and private sector housing stock from the impacts of extreme heat while ensuring sufficient warmth in the winter months requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that addresses both heating and cooling needs.

Here are several strategies that could be implemented:

1. Energy Efficiency Upgrades:

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings can have dual benefits of reducing both heat-related impacts in the summer and ensuring warmth in the winter. This can include:

• Insulation: Enhance insulation in walls, roofs, and floors to prevent heat loss during winter and reduce heat gain during summer. This maintains a more stable indoor temperature year-round.

• Windows and Doors: Install energy-efficient windows and doors to minimize heat transfer while allowing for proper ventilation.

• Sealing Leaks: Seal gaps and cracks to prevent air leakage, which can improve temperature control and reduce energy wastage.

2. Green and Cool Roofs:

Implementing green roofs (covered with vegetation) and cool roofs (reflective or high-emissivity surfaces) can help reduce the urban heat island effect in cities by absorbing less heat and reflecting more sunlight. These strategies can help keep indoor temperatures cooler during hot periods.

3. Passive Cooling Techniques:

Promote passive cooling strategies that do not rely on energy consumption, such as:

• Natural Ventilation: Design buildings with proper cross-ventilation to allow cool air to flow through and hot air to escape.

• Shading: Install external shading devices, such as awnings and louvers, to block direct sunlight from entering buildings.

• Thermal Mass: Use materials with high thermal mass (e.g., concrete) to absorb excess heat during the day and release it slowly at night.

4. Renewable Energy Sources:

Incorporate renewable energy sources such as solar panels to generate electricity for cooling and heating systems. This can help reduce the carbon footprint of homes while providing reliable power.

5. Climate-Responsive Building Design:

Architects and urban planners should consider climate-responsive building designs that optimize the orientation of buildings, use of natural ventilation, and incorporation of green spaces to mitigate extreme temperatures.

6. Retrofitting and Renovation:

Encourage homeowners and property owners to retrofit and renovate existing buildings with energy-efficient technologies and materials. Government incentives and grants can promote these upgrades.

7. Smart HVAC Systems:

Install smart heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that can adapt to changing weather conditions and occupants' needs. These systems can provide effective heating in winter and cooling in summer.

8. Public Awareness and Education:

Raise awareness among residents about energy-efficient practices, proper use of shading devices, and strategies for maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures.

9. Urban Planning:

Integrate heat-resilient urban planning principles that consider the layout of buildings, green spaces, water features, and shade to create a cooler urban environment.

10. Local Government Policies:

Local governments can implement building codes and regulations that require energy-efficient standards and encourage the use of renewable energy technologies.

11. Financial Support:

Provide financial incentives, grants, and low-interest loans to homeowners, property managers, and developers to invest in energy-efficient upgrades.

12. Collaboration and Research:

Encourage collaboration between policymakers, researchers, architects, engineers, and the construction industry to develop innovative solutions for both cooling and heating in buildings.

By combining these strategies, the UK can ensure that existing housing stock is better prepared to handle extreme heat while also maintaining comfortable temperatures during colder months, all while reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 7.

What role might reversible heat pumps (which can act as both heating and cooling systems) and other emerging technological solutions, such as the development of smart materials, play in meeting future cooling demands?

Reversible heat pumps and other emerging technological solutions, including the development of smart materials, can play a significant role in meeting future cooling demands while addressing energy efficiency, environmental concerns, and sustainability. Here's how these technologies can contribute:1. Reversible Heat Pumps:

Reversible heat pumps, often referred to as heat pump systems with both heating and cooling capabilities, can provide versatile and energy-efficient solutions for addressing both heating and cooling needs. They work by transferring heat from one location to another using a refrigerant, enabling them to provide both heating during colder periods and cooling during warmer periods. Here's how they can contribute:

• Energy Efficiency: Heat pumps are known for their high energy efficiency, as they transfer heat rather than generate it. They can provide cooling with lower energy consumption compared to traditional air conditioning systems.

• Dual-Use: Reversible heat pumps offer the advantage of year-round usability. In colder months, they can provide heating, while in warmer months, they can switch to cooling mode, reducing the need for separate heating and cooling systems.

• Reduced Emissions: By relying on electricity for heat transfer rather than burning fossil fuels, heat pumps can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on non-renewable energy sources.

• Demand Response: Smartly managed reversible heat pump systems can be integrated into demand response programs, allowing them to adjust operation based on electricity demand, thus contributing to grid stability.

2. Smart Materials:

Emerging smart materials and technologies can revolutionize the way cooling is achieved by offering innovative solutions that respond to environmental conditions. These materials can adapt their properties based on temperature, light, or other factors, leading to more efficient and sustainable cooling methods:

• Thermochromic Materials: These materials change colour in response to temperature changes. They can be used in building windows to reflect sunlight and heat during hot periods, reducing the need for air conditioning.

• Phase Change Materials (PCMs): PCMs store and release heat as they change phase, often from solid to liquid. They can be integrated into building designs to help regulate indoor temperatures by absorbing excess heat during the day and releasing it during the night.

• Smart Ventilation: Intelligent ventilation systems can adjust airflow based on occupancy and environmental conditions. This can improve indoor air quality and reduce the need for traditional cooling systems.
  OAIRO’s solution uniquely uses diffusion to offer vastly accelerated thermal transfer and efficiency.

• Responsive Building Envelopes: Smart building envelopes can change their properties to regulate heat gain and loss. For example, they can reflect sunlight during hot periods and absorb it during colder times.

• Passive Cooling Techniques: Incorporating passive cooling techniques like natural ventilation, shading, and thermal mass can enhance building design to minimize the need for active cooling systems.

These emerging technologies can work in synergy to create more efficient and sustainable cooling solutions for the future. By integrating reversible heat pumps with smart materials and other innovative techniques, buildings and systems can adapt to changing climate conditions while minimizing energy consumption, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring greater comfort for occupants.

It's worth noting that the successful adoption of these technologies requires collaboration among researchers, manufacturers, policymakers, and building designers to ensure they are integrated effectively into urban planning, infrastructure development, and energy policies.

Question 8:

How can cleaner refrigerants with low or zero global warming potentials support the UK’s cooling needs while contributing to the national emission reduction targets?

Cleaner refrigerants with low or zero global warming potentials (GWP) can play a crucial role in supporting the UK's cooling needs while contributing to national emission reduction targets. The cooling sector, which includes air conditioning, refrigeration, and other cooling technologies, is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of conventional high-GWP refrigerants. Transitioning to cleaner refrigerants offers several benefits:

1. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

High-GWP refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), have a potent warming effect on the atmosphere. By switching to low-GWP or zero-GWP alternatives, the UK can substantially reduce its direct emissions, helping to meet its emission reduction targets under international agreements like the Paris Agreement.

2. Improved Energy Efficiency:

Many of the newer low-GWP refrigerants are developed to work efficiently in cooling systems. Transitioning to these refrigerants can lead to improved energy efficiency in cooling equipment, reducing electricity consumption and further lowering the carbon footprint of the cooling sector.

3. Compliance with International Agreements:

The UK is committed to reducing its reliance on high-GWP refrigerants under international agreements such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. By adopting cleaner refrigerants, the UK can align its actions with its international commitments.

4. Technological Advancements:

Research and development into alternative refrigerants have led to innovative technologies and systems that are more sustainable. These advancements offer opportunities for the UK to enhance its cooling infrastructure while decreasing its environmental impact.

5. Promoting Sustainable Practices:

Adopting cleaner refrigerants sends a positive signal to industries and consumers about the importance of environmentally friendly practices. This can encourage responsible consumption and production patterns throughout the supply chain.

6. Leadership and Innovation:

Transitioning to low-GWP or zero-GWP refrigerants allows the UK to position itself as a leader in sustainable cooling solutions. This can attract investments, promote innovation, and create economic opportunities in the green technology sector.

7. Long-Term Benefits:

Investments in cleaner refrigerants may have higher upfront costs due to technology adoption and infrastructure changes. However, in the long term, these investments can lead to reduced operational costs and improved system reliability, providing economic and environmental benefits.

To effectively leverage the benefits of cleaner refrigerants, the UK could consider the following strategies:

• Regulation and Policy: Implement regulations that phase out the use of high-GWP refrigerants and encourage the adoption of low-GWP alternatives.

• Incentives: Provide financial incentives or subsidies for businesses and consumers to adopt cleaner cooling technologies.

• Research and Development: Invest in research to identify and develop the most suitable low-GWP refrigerants and cooling technologies for the UK's climate and needs.

• Capacity Building: Train technicians, engineers, and industry professionals to handle and manage new refrigerants safely and efficiently.

• Public Awareness: Raise awareness among consumers and businesses about the benefits of cleaner refrigerants and energy-efficient cooling practices.

By combining these strategies, the UK can meet its cooling needs while making significant strides towards achieving its national emission reduction targets and contributing to global efforts to mitigate climate change.

Question 9.

Does the Government’s Future Homes Standard adequately consider overheating in homes? If not, what additional elements should it include?

As of my last update in September 2021, the Future Homes Standard is a proposed set of building regulations in the UK aimed at improving the energy efficiency and environmental performance of new homes. While the standard primarily focuses on energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions, it is important to consider potential overheating risks as well. Overheating can have significant implications for occupant health, comfort, and energy use.

1. Thermal Comfort Standards:

• Include specific thermal comfort standards that address overheating risk. This could involve defining maximum indoor temperatures for different types of spaces within a home. This should be based on the World Health Organisation parameters.

2. Building Design and Orientation:

• Incorporate guidelines for building design and orientation that minimize solar heat gain and encourage natural ventilation. This might involve recommending specific window-to-wall ratios, shading strategies, and ventilation provisions.

3. Insulation and Thermal Mass:

• Include requirements for insulation and thermal mass that balance energy efficiency with thermal comfort. Effective insulation and appropriate use of materials with thermal mass can help regulate indoor temperatures.

4. Natural Ventilation and Cross-Ventilation:

Provide guidelines for natural ventilation strategies that ensure adequate air movement through homes, allowing heat to dissipate. Cross-ventilation design principles can enhance indoor air circulation.

5. Cool Roof and Cool Materials:

• Encourage the use of cool roofs and cool building materials that reflect sunlight and absorb less heat, contributing to lower indoor temperatures.

6. Shading Devices:

• Include recommendations for external shading devices such as awnings, overhangs, and louvers that can block direct sunlight and reduce solar heat gain.

7. Building Services and HVAC Systems:

• Require the provision of energy-efficient and appropriately sized heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that can maintain comfortable indoor temperatures without excessive energy consumption.

8. Passive Cooling Techniques:

• Promote the incorporation of passive cooling techniques such as night-time ventilation, thermal chimneys, and evaporative cooling in building design.

9. Monitoring and Regulation:

• Include provisions for monitoring indoor temperatures and regulating overheating risks in real-time through building management systems.

10. Building Simulation and Assessment:

• Require the use of building simulation tools to assess potential overheating risks during the design phase and demonstrate compliance with thermal comfort standards.

11. Education and Guidelines:

• Provide educational resources and guidelines for architects, builders, and homeowners on how to identify and address overheating risks in homes.

It's important to strike a balance between energy efficiency and thermal comfort, and to ensure that the measures taken do not lead to unintended consequences. Overheating prevention should be an integral part of building regulations, standards, and guidelines to create homes that are both energy-efficient and comfortable for occupants.

Question 10.

How effectively is the Government working across departments and with local authorities to ensure a coordinated approach is taken to heat resilience?

The UK government's coordination across departments and with local authorities for a coordinated approach to heat resilience can vary. Government efforts have been focused on addressing climate change risks, including heat resilience, through various policies, strategies, and initiatives. Here's a general overview:

1. Cross-Departmental Collaboration:

The UK government recognizes that addressing heat resilience requires a cross-departmental approach, as the impacts of extreme heat can span various sectors such as health, infrastructure, housing, energy, and environment. Some examples of cross-departmental collaboration include:

• Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA): The CCRA involves multiple government departments to assess climate risks, including those related to heat. This assessment provides a foundation for coordinated action.

• National Adaptation Programme (NAP): The NAP aims to coordinate adaptation efforts across different sectors by involving various government departments, agencies, and stakeholders.

• Local Resilience Forums: These forums bring together local authorities, emergency services, and other relevant agencies to coordinate responses to various risks, including heatwaves.

2. Local Authorities Engagement:

Local authorities play a critical role in implementing measures to enhance heat resilience at the community level. Government engagement with local authorities can include:

• Support and Funding: The government provides funding and support to local authorities to develop and implement local strategies for heat resilience, such as heat action plans and urban planning guidelines.

• Information Sharing: Government departments share information, guidance, and best practices with local authorities to help them develop effective heat resilience strategies.

• Policy Integration: Government policies related to housing, infrastructure, and urban planning aim to support local authorities in creating heat-resilient communities.

3. Challenges and Opportunities:

While there are efforts to ensure a coordinated approach to heat resilience, challenges may arise due to the complexity of the issue and variations in local contexts. Some opportunities for improvement include:

• Data Sharing and Analysis: Improved data sharing and analysis across departments and with local authorities can enhance understanding of local vulnerabilities and inform effective strategies.

• Capacity Building: Providing training and capacity-building resources to local authorities can empower them to develop and implement heat resilience plans.

• Community Engagement: Involving local communities in the development of heat resilience strategies can lead to more effective and locally relevant solutions.

Developments in government coordination and strategies may have occurred and we have used the most current information on how the UK government is working across departments and with local authorities for a coordinated approach to heat resilience.  Additional official government documents, reports, and updates maybe available that we have not taken into account.

11 Question:

Does the UK need a dedicated Heat Resilience Strategy? What lessons can be learned from other nations when it comes to national strategies for heat resilience?

1. Need for a Dedicated Heat Resilience Strategy in the UK:

The United Kingdom has been experiencing more frequent and intense heatwaves due to climate change. These heatwaves can have a range of negative impacts on health, infrastructure, agriculture, and the environment. A dedicated Heat Resilience Strategy could be valuable for several reasons:

a)      Public Health: Heatwaves can lead to heat-related illnesses and exacerbate existing health conditions. A strategy could outline measures to protect vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions.

b)      Infrastructure: High temperatures can stress infrastructure systems like electricity grids, water supply, and transportation. A strategy might address measures to enhance the resilience of these systems to prevent disruptions during extreme heat events.

c)       Agriculture and Environment: Agriculture and ecosystems can suffer from droughts and heat stress. A strategy could focus on managing water resources, protecting ecosystems, and adapting agricultural practices to changing climate conditions.

d)      Urban Planning: Urban areas tend to experience higher temperatures due to the urban heat island effect. A strategy might involve planning and designing cities to incorporate green spaces, cool roofs, and other heat mitigation techniques.

2. Lessons from Other Nations:

Several countries have already developed national strategies or initiatives to enhance heat resilience. Here are a few lessons that the UK could consider:

a)      Australia: Australia is no stranger to extreme heat, and they have implemented heatwave early warning systems, public awareness campaigns, and guidelines for heat action plans. The UK could learn from their experience in terms of communicating risks and implementing effective response measures.

b)      Netherlands: The Netherlands has a National Heat Plan that includes monitoring heatwaves, providing information to citizens, and coordinating response actions across different sectors. This integrated approach could serve as a model for the UK.

c)       United States: Various U.S. cities and states have developed heat action plans and resilience strategies. These plans often involve collaboration between local governments, health agencies, and community organizations. The UK could explore similar multi-sectoral collaboration.

d)      Japan: Japan has implemented urban heat island countermeasures, including green roofs, cool pavements, and improved ventilation in buildings. These strategies could inform urban planning efforts in the UK.

In conclusion, a dedicated Heat Resilience Strategy in the UK could help address the increasing challenges posed by heatwaves and extreme heat events. Learning from the experiences of other nations in terms of public health, infrastructure, environment, and urban planning could provide valuable insights for the development and implementation of an effective strategy.

Stephen Legge & Bryan Saxby

August 2023